In Ethiopia, where agriculture is central to the economy, land is a critical economic resource, encompassing both area and productivity. Ethiopia’s 1,104,300 square kilometres are 35% suitable for agriculture. Key soil types in the highlands are red-to-reddish brown soils, rich in minerals and easy to plough, and brownish-to-grey and black soils, which have high agricultural potential with proper drainage. The country’s diverse agro-ecological zones, created by varying altitudes, support the growth of various crops, enhancing Ethiopia’s export potential. Despite land reforms, including the removal of the feudal system in 1975 and state control of land since then, land ownership remains problematic. The government controls all land, granting rural peasants and pastoralists lifetime holding rights but restricting other rights such as sale and inheritance. Urban residents can obtain land via 99-year leases. Although the Constitution protects against arbitrary eviction with compensation provisions, actual implementation often denies fair compensation. Improving access to rural land, liberating land rights, and ensuring fair compensation for expropriation would enhance land security in Ethiopia.