The Maghreb region of North Africa witnessed dynamic historical shifts through the rise and fall of the Almoravids and Almohads. Originating in the 11th century, the Almoravids, led by the Lamtuna tribe, sought to revive Islamic purity and expanded their influence across Morocco, western Algeria, and even into Spain, establishing Marrakesh as their capital. However, internal conflicts and the emergence of the Almohads, under Ibn Tumart’s leadership, led to the decline of the Almoravids by the mid-12th century. The Almohads, promoting strict adherence to Islam and centralizing power, succeeded them, consolidating control over Morocco and expanding into Spain. Despite their initial successes, internal divisions and Christian opposition weakened the Almohad Empire in Spain by the early 13th century, and by 1269, their rule in North Africa ended amidst civil strife, marking the conclusion of their era in the Maghreb. Conversely, the Mamluks in Egypt, originally Turkish slaves introduced in the late 12th century, rose to power as a military aristocracy from 1250 to 1517. They thrived culturally and economically, advancing Egypt’s architecture, craftsmanship, and scholarship, while also expanding their influence through trade networks into Nubia. However, their sovereignty ended with the Ottoman conquest in 1516, leading to centuries of Ottoman rule in Egypt until the rise of Mohammed Ali in 1805, signifying the end of the Mamluk era and their profound impact on Egyptian history.