The Chinese dynastic cycle, governed by the Mandate of Heaven, dictated the rise and fall of successive dynasties throughout China’s history until 1912. The Sui dynasty (581-618 AD) unified China with the Mandate and rebuilt the Grand Canal, crucial for economic and military needs. The Tang dynasty (618-907 AD) marked an era of prosperity and cultural achievement, expanding territory into central Asia and fostering a flourishing capital in Chang’an. Despite their strength, the Tang dynasty declined due to internal rebellions and external pressures. The Song dynasty (960-1279 AD) achieved reunification and cultural advancement, promoting Neo-Confucianism and fostering economic growth through trade and technological innovations. Threatened by northern nomads, the Song eventually succumbed to Mongol conquest in 1279, leading to the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) under Kublai Khan, which facilitated extensive trade but faced decline from internal strife. The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) restored stability, promoted Confucian values, and expanded naval expeditions, while the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), established by the Manchu, initially faced resistance but ruled effectively until decline set in due to internal unrest and Western pressures, ending China’s imperial rule.