During its zenith, the Aksumite state emerged around 200-100 B.C. centered in Aksum, expanding its territory from the Red Sea coast to the Ethiopian plateau and possibly as far south as Shewa. Trade thrived through ports like Adulis, connecting Aksum to regions across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, exporting ivory, spices, and gold, while importing goods from Egypt, India, and the Roman Empire. The Aksumites minted coins, developed shipbuilding technology, and erected impressive steles. They also made significant cultural contributions, including the development of a unique calendar and the Geez writing system. Despite prosperity, conflicts with Yemen and internal rebellions, coupled with economic decline and Arab incursions in the 7th century, led to Aksum’s eventual decline, leaving a lasting legacy on the Horn of Africa.