The Kingdom of Gojjam, located south of Lake Tana and inhabited by the Agew ethnic group, was first reduced to tributary status by King Amde Tsiyon around 1323/24. Despite resistance from local rulers like Zhan Kimir and Zhan Chuhay, Christianity gradually spread through the efforts of monks from Lake Tana monasteries. In the 15th century, Gojjam became a significant province with royal governors, and much of its eastern region fell under the control of Queen Elleni. Meanwhile, the polities of Bizamo, Wajj, and Ganz, situated in southern and central Ethiopia, were also tributary states during this period. Bizamo, inhabited by Omotic speakers, saw its population partially flee or assimilate due to the Macha Oromo’s expansion in the late 16th century. Wajj, near Lake Ziway, was an important military center but was eventually occupied by the Oromo. Ganz, located in the Rift Valley, also became tributary to Amde Tsiyon and saw the expansion of Islam during the 1530s. The Kingdom of Ennarya, to the north of the Gojeb and Gibe rivers, was a major trade hub known for exporting gold but was eventually overtaken by the Limmu Oromo, leading to its renaming as Limmu-Ennarya. The Gonga people, including those from kingdoms like Ennarya, Anfillo, and Bizamo, faced significant upheaval due to the Macha Oromo’s arrival in the late 16th century, leading many to migrate and adapt their defensive systems, such as trench building and fortifications, to protect against invasions.