Ancient Mesopotamia, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is known for pioneering early writing and complex city-states like Babylon. Ancient Persia, under the Cyrus bult grate empire around middle east, . In India, the Indus Valley Civilization , made significant contributions to culture, science, and religion. Ancient China, through dynasties such as the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han, developed early writing, unified the region, and facilitated trade via the Silk Road, advancing technology and cultural exchanges. Each of these civilizations laid foundational elements for governance, culture, and technological progress.