The Pre-Aksumite States, particularly the ancient Land of Punt, played a crucial role in the historical landscape of the Horn of Africa. Punt, located in regions that encompass modern-day Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, is known for its trade relations with ancient Egypt as early as the third millennium BC. It provided Egypt with valuable goods such as gold, ivory, myrrh, and ostrich feathers, while receiving tools and jewelry in return. By around 1000 BC, several pre-Aksumite states emerged, including Yeha, known for its significant stone architecture and trade connections with South Arabian merchants; Hawulti Melazo, which offers insights into agricultural practices; and Damat, a state that adopted South Arabian titles and engaged in maritime trade through the port of Adulis.

The Aksumite Kingdom, which arose in the first century AD, became a pivotal center of civilization in the region, marked by a blend of Cushitic and Semitic cultures. Its economy was primarily agricultural and supported by a hierarchical social structure and tribute system. The kingdom thrived through trade at the port of Adulis, minting coins to facilitate commerce and developing the Ge’ez written language. While initially flourishing, Aksum’s influence waned due to the rise of Muslim powers over trade routes and internal challenges, leading to its decline by the late 9th century as it retreated into areas dominated by the Agaw people.